A Farewell to Arms Summary and Critical Analysis free essay sample

Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in suburban Oak Park, IL, to Dr. Clarence and Grace Hemingway. Ernest was the second of six children to be raised in the quiet suburban town. His father was a physician, and both parents were devout Christians. Hemingway had an aptitude for physical challenge that engaged him through high school, where he both played football and boxed. Because of permanent eye damage contracted from numerous boxing matches, Hemingway was repeatedly rejected from service in World War I.Hemingway also edited his high school newspaper and reported for the Kansas City Star, adding a year to his age after graduating from high school in 1917. After this short stint, Hemingway finally was able to participate in World War I as an ambulance driver for the American Red Cross. He was wounded on July 8, 1918, on the Italian front near Fossalta di Piave. During his convalescence in Milan, he had an affair with a nurse, Agnes von Kurowsky. We will write a custom essay sample on A Farewell to Arms Summary and Critical Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hemingway received two decorations from the Italian government, and he joined the Italian infantry.Clarence Hemingway had been suffering from hypertension and diabetes. This painful experience is reflected in the pondering of Robert Jordan in For Whom the Bell Tolls. In addition to personal experiences with war and death, Hemingways extensive travel in pursuit of hunting and other sports provided a great deal of material for his novels. Bullfighting inspired Death in the Afternoon, published in 1932. In 1934, Hemingway went on safari in Africa, which gave him new themes and scenes on which to base The Snows of Kilamanjaro and The Green Hills of Africa, published in 1935. In 1950 he published Across the River and Into the Trees, though it was not received with the usual critical acclaim. In 1952, however, Hemingway proved the comment Papa is finished wrong, in that The Old Man and the Sea won the Pulitzer Prize in 1953. In 1954, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. On July 2, 1961, he died of self-inflicted gunshot wounds. He was buried in Ketchum. Papa was both a legendary celebrity and a sensitive writer, and his influence, as well as some unseen writings, survived his passing.In 1964, A Moveable Feast was published; in 1969, The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War; in 1970, Islands in the Stream; in 1972, The Nick Adams Stories; in 1985, The Dangerous Summer; and in 1986, The Garden of Eden. Hemingways own life and character are as fascinating as in any of his stories. On one level, Papa was a legendary adventurer who enjoyed his flamboyant lifestyle and celebrity status. However, deep inside lived a disciplined author who worked tirelessly in pursuit of literary perfection.Being married before or after doesn’t effect the child physically or delays its birth. Marriage in this sense is the outward form of their love. Marriage in the physical sense before or after the fact means nothing as with Catherine’s early comment of â€Å"I couldn’t be any more married. † Henry and Catherine surely learned that they were in love no matter married or not. Having a ring on the finger doesn’t make the love any stronger it just a psychical representation of their love. Henry ignores the temptations of the outward forms of religion, love, and symbols as he achieves becoming authentic.The conclusion of â€Å"A Farewell To Arms† with all its death is marked by a rebirth. Henry looses his child and his lover. He finally achieves the status of being authentic in the final scene â€Å"It was like saying good-by to a statue. After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain. † Henry prior to Catherine death was seeking hope. During Catherine’s final hour Henry prayed to God once more only to go unanswered: Please, please, please, dear God, don’t let her die. Dear God, don’t let her die. Please, please, please, don’t let her die.God please don’t make her die. I’ll do anything you say if you don’t let her die. You took the baby but don’t let her die. That was all right but don’t let her die. Please, please, dear God, don’t let her die. He now knows all the things around him are false. Henry now knows the true forms of religion, patriotism, and love are empty forms of hope. He know knows that any hope must only come from within. Henry is now an authentic in that â€Å"He walks quietly back to the hotel in the rain. † and knows that only he can shape his destiny.

Ghost of christmas past Essays

Ghost of christmas past Essays Ghost of christmas past Paper Ghost of christmas past Paper Essay Topic: A Christmas Carol Media Coursework Jess Gascoigne 10s For this media piece of work, we have been asked to compare two versions of Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol; Â  The 1951 version, Alistair Sim film Scrooge, which is more on the Christian theme of Christmas. The Ross Kemp, ITV version, which is multicultural, more modern to this day. The theme of the 1951 version was all around an abstract image of want and ignorance, a metaphorical image. The theme of the 1951 was also around the Christian side towards Christmas, remembering the birth of Christ. Going to church and based around faith, hope and charity. As the film follows the book accurately, there are hardly any differences, so the message from this film was expressed exactly the same as Dickens would have wanted it to, to remember what Christmas is about, and that you cant make an excuse not to celebrate Christmas even if you are poor, lonely or isolated. This is in keeping with the book. The theme of the 2000 edition of a Christmas Carol, is somewhat different from the 1951 version. This version is multicultural, which is more relevant to todays lifestyle. There are direct images of the poor and homeless, which are want and ignorance, working together and helping. Unlike the 1951 version there is less religion/Christianity involved although there is a message, that no matter what religion, its all about spending time with the people you love, helping and no greed. Although the modern version is multicultural, it is still set in London, with a modern, common life scenes a working class London high rise council estate, a deprived area. This is not in keeping with the book as they are both very different. Also, the 1951 version was set in London. In the 1951 version, the characters mostly are in keeping with the book. Scrooge, a middle class man, who went to boarding school, apprenticed as an accountant and financer. Educated with biblical stories, few people went to school. An all white class. The nephew has servants he is a well to do upper middle class. The Cratchits are not that different, however. Tiny Tim is healthier and fuller than expected to be as a boy in his serious condition as his. Bob Cratchits role was too happy and he wasnt wimpy enough towards Scrooge. : He is not as sad as you would expect if his son was ill, although he does have other children to think about, so he would probably be in high spirits for his other children. Alice, Scrooges ex-fianci e was called Bella in the book. Martha, Scrooges older sister looked a little older than first imagined. The purpose from the characterisation from the film, Scrooge, was the recreation of the book, as closely as possible. They did achieve it. In the 2000 version, they have more direct images, they have invented, changed names and people. A homeless pair, brother and sister, are made relevant to modern day (the homeless side). The audience wasnt presented with a twenty-year-old drug addict. This would lose sympathy. But, with a brother and sister who are young and not charitable, they are innocent which adds to the sympathy. The homeless brother and sister stand in for want and ignorance; this is because these terms are not used any more. Want is in need and ignorance is a lack of education. The name has changed from Ebenezer to Eddie, the name Ebenezer is not a widely used name in todays population so to change it to Eddie was more appropriate. Eddie has changed from a respectable accountant to a loan shark. I feel like he has changed from being an accountant because, in our society now accountants are seen to be a boring characters, which is the opposite of Eddie Scrooge. In the 1951 version, Scrooge was a law obiding accountant, although the modern Scrooge breaks the law, being a loan shark. An invention of character, Mrs Marley, the mother of Jacob Marley. Jacob Marley, like the book, is dead, but under different circumstances, a local man shot Jacob Marley to the council estate, another invention of character, Ricky Stiles, the person who shot Jacob Marley. Eddie Scrooges nephew is now a policeman, which is a middle-classed job, not like the nephew of the 1951 version, which had servants. The Cratchits are now working off a debt. Tiny Tim is no longer known as Tiny because this epithet is out of date. Tim is no longer a cripple, no crutches for broken legs. Tim has a disease called Cystic Fibrosis. This means that many of the scenes take place in a hospital, which is a popular setting for modern television dramas. The mother of the Cratchits is a regular working mum. Scrooges ex-fianci e, Alice in the 1951 version, is now called Bella, the same name in the book. Bella works in a hospital, which ties in with Tims illness in hospital. Bella doesnt like him being a loan shark, she doesnt marry him, and she refuses the ring. Bella believes that all Scrooge cares about is money, which at the time is true, because after Bella refuses the ring, Scrooge mentions the price of the ring. Also, a new character was added, Bellas friend, as described, she is a classic busy-body, Julie. She hates Scrooge. The spirits have changed in the modern version; the Ghost of Christmas Past is Eddies Father. A Father of sin and regret. After this journey, we feel sympathy towards Scrooge because we see that his relationship between himself and his father, in his childhood, has scared him for life. This is why Eddie is like he is today. The Ghost of Christmas Present is Jacob Marley, they use this as a humorous joke, Its Christmas, weve had to improvise, double booking. Jacob Marley has changed in character, he is as young as Scrooge and he didnt die of sickness and ill health or old age, as he did in the other film, Marley was shot. As the film proceeded, the audience gradually found out why Jacob was shot. We found that Scrooge had informed a known criminal, Ricky Stiles, that Marley was taking all of his families needs whilst he was in prison. Scrooge explained to Marley that the only reason why he had told Stiles was because Marley was getting greedy, but isnt Scrooge greedy himself or could this be that Scrooge asked for Marley to be shot because of jealousy? The final spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Future was a child. I felt that this spirit was weird because he never said anything. These characters, in my opinion, are very well made, especially because it is a really hard task to make a popular film into a modern day Christmas drama. Ross Kemp has been picked as Eddie. I feel like this character, and who played him was especially good because Ross Kemp is a familiar family viewed figure. He has played parts in many other popular British soaps and dramas. Eddiess dad is also a well-known family viewed actor. The 1951 spirits are again, Past, Present and Future. They are all in my opinion, semi-biblical, in a religious way. The ghosts/spirits show flash backs of the character and, the audience are shown how nasty Scrooge was. In the following of this, we do not share Scrooges emotions; we are enjoying his torture.

The Challenges for Inclusive Education in China Essay

The Challenges for Inclusive Education in China - Essay Example Poor human resource management in the form of teachers lacking necessary qualifications and motivation and absence of required teamwork all contribute to halfhearted attempts at inclusive education. Administrative Challenges Malinen (2013) shows some interesting trends with regard to inclusive education in China. For instance, Malinen (2013, p. 6) reveals that almost 60% of Chinese children with disabilities already study in mainstream schools. However, this optimistic figure is based on a disability assessment system that is based on functional disability such as visual, hearing, language, intellectual, physical and mental disability. On the other hand, the WHO categorizes disabilities along cognition, mobility, self-care, getting along, life activities, and participation domains. Thus, the performance of inclusive education in China appears deceptively positive. Some legal and social challenges include the difficulty of children of economic migrants to large cities getting admitted to schools in the cities. The large classroom sizes, rote learning and an assessment system based on competition rather than teamwork also make it difficult to implement inclusive education. Malinen (2013) also notes that teachers spend little time in planning lessons for inclusive classrooms. The UNESCO (2003) report also reflects similar views such as the inadequacy of the curriculum to meet the diverse learning needs of inclusive classrooms. Inclusive schools are often inaccessible to scattered populations which also pose a strong challenge. Chen (n.a.) also notes the problem of large classrooms for inclusive teaching to take place. The dearth of effective teaching aids further complicates the situation for teachers, who are inadequately trained at times. Poor school management... This paper approves that a conceptual paper on inclusive education by UNESCO validates the findings of Zhu and Wang by identifying some of the same barriers to inclusive education. The report highlights the challenge posed by socio-economic factors such as inadequate educational facilities and inequalities bred into the educational system. Poor human resource management in the form of teachers lacking necessary qualifications and motivation and absence of required teamwork all contribute to halfhearted attempts at inclusive education. This paper makes a conclusion that the main challenges to inclusive education in China are administrative and cultural. School administrations are struggling to equip inclusive schools with well-trained teachers while parents of children with special learning needs need to appreciate the importance of inclusive education. Resources need to be invested in teacher training, curriculum development and making inclusive schools accessible to the target populations. The current curriculum and teaching methodologies are inadequate for meeting the learning needs of students. The Chinese government seems to be making inclusive education a major priority; however, cooperation from local governments is also essential for these efforts to be effective. Moreover, once general consciousness that inclusive education is beneficial for the whole society is raised, the prospects for inclusive education in China are likely to become much brighter.

The recent advancements made in petroleum microbiology Term Paper

The recent advancements made in petroleum microbiology - Term Paper Example Petroleum, in the twenty – first century, remains to be one of the most significant sources of fuel and energy. It is a complex blend or mixture of different types of hydrocarbons and organic compounds. It may sometimes also contain traces of transition metal complexes (called organometallo) like nickel and vanadium (Lerner, 2011). The compositions of petroleum, and thus its physical and chemical properties, vary from place to place, and from area to area. In the current scenario, the demand for petroleum and its by – products continues to rise. In an answer to them, science has come up with the use of microbiology during the extraction and purification of petroleum. The study of this use and application of microorganisms in the fuel industry is called petroleum microbiology (Encyclopedia, 2005). The most important experimental works in the field of petroleum microbiology have been done by Claude ZoBell (Lerner, 2011). His research, which extended for over 40 years (193 0 – 1970), has proved that microorganisms, especially bacteria, play an important role in most of the vital processes related to petroleum, which include its formation, extraction and refining. The hydrocarbons and petroleum products have been termed as ‘substrates’ or ‘nutrients’ for microbes, which they need in order to carry out efficient metabolism. This feeding of bacteria and fungi is aided by the action of certain enzymes and is called, biodegradation (Hamme, 2003). Most of the hydrocarbons are broken down to release carbon dioxide, water, proteins and nucleic acids. The carbon dioxide escapes to the atmosphere while the rest of the products are used for cellular growth. Bacteria and fungi involved in biodegradation are highly specific in function, that is, not all bacteria can break down a specific hydrocarbon or organic compound. Pseudomonas and mycobacterium are examples of some degrading bacteria while examples of fungi include Candida (Va n Hamme, 2003). With the advancement of biotechnology and microbiology, scientists have widened their understanding and developed better concepts of the metabolic processes related to microbial actions on petroleum (Van Hamme, 2003). The effects of the use of the hydrocarbons as substrates by the microorganisms involve alteration of cell surface membranes and mechanisms of both uptake and discharge. Similarly, the ability to study the behaviour of microbial organisms, in a petroleum rich environment at a molecular level has also been enhanced. Under the optimum conditions for the growth of these organisms, they have been treated with hydrocarbons, and transformed to take part in highly accelerated and bioreactor-based petroleum waste degradation processes, that are now being implemented (Atlas, 1995) (Van Hamme, 2003). In the modern world, petroleum microbiology is an important part of bioremediation which involves controlling oil pollution (Bronson, 1993). Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to get rid of pollutants and harmful substances from the environment. Oil pollution is the result of seeping and spillage of oil from tankers into the sea, as well as intentional or deliberate discharge of oil products into the water sources. The huge spill of crude oil from a tanker near Alaska’s coast back in the 1980s practically showed the scientific world of the usefulness of biodegradation (Bronson, 1993). Scientists observed the actions of the microorganisms present in breaking down the oil and thus, getting rid of it, both on and offshore. Experimental evidences also showed that the microbial actions are affected by factors like temperature and pH. This led to the establishment of a rapidly growing industry which makes uses of microbial remedies to counter water pollution. Modern researches have also proved that waste products produced by one microorganism during biodegradation can be used as a source of food by the others

Bank recession of 2011 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Bank recession of 2011 - Essay Example Particularly marked by decreased bank lending, which creates the recurring loop of a recessive economy. Three main players are involved in this triangular arrangement of the financial system: The government, the banks/financial institutions and the credit consumers. The government with its increased involvement to regulate financial markets formulates policies for the consumers which are mediated through the banks and financial institutions. Thus, the banks are stuck in a paradox of adhering to government policies and maintaining their own liquidity and capital ratios, which in turn effect the end consumers. During the pre-recession period, credit access was particularly easy worldwide, especially among the G 10 countries which were attributed as pioneers of the ongoing economic boom. (Michael, B., Leonardo, G., & Goetz, P. 2011) Increased mortgaging and borrowing backed by higher expectations from the market were rampant, but to the dismay of economic analysts, this bubble was artif icial. And eventually the growth backed by ill securities, bad mortgages and irregular credit ratings suddenly came to a halt with the financial market in doldrums.( Badertscher, B., Burks, J., & Easton, P. 2012) Banks and financial institutions had major investments in the real estate sector, the most effected of these by the financial crisis were those who had had readily converged to commercial construction and land development loans during the boom. (Hays, F., & Ward, S. 2010) Earlier financial crises have demonstrated that a concentration of loans within a single sector is very risky, since the developing sector may turn out to be a fad. It is considered a rule of thumb to diversify the investment portfolio to lower the risk to a minimum. But such was not the case and eventually, with the excess of subprime lending in the real estate economy without much securitization to back it, the banks involved had to bear the brunt of this mammoth of a crisis. Since then bank credit requi rements have increased twofold making it harder to borrow and creating a bottleneck in economic injections. And on the other hand dipping credit ratings are naturally creating skepticism in the average consumer’s mind about the credibility of bank loans, creating a demand lag which is evident in the 2011 loan demand figures. Worldwide government efforts have been aimed towards saving major banks and financial institutions by providing much needed capitalization as a measure to increase liquidity. But smaller community banks have had a tough time surviving without much government assistance, and a plethora of risky real estate mortgage loans with an unfavorable market to profit from. Since larger banking corporations are more inclined towards heavier accounts and portfolios, the role of an intermediary played by relatively smaller banks for consumer loans remains vacant. This becomes evident in the form of the supply lag for loans that has been a feature of the banking crisis. The major clients for bank loans are corporate clients which require substantial amounts of capital. This is an area where international banking is prevalent, with loan syndication seen as a common practice among international financial institutions. (Ralph, H., & Neeltje, H. 2011) This may perhaps also be the reason why the recession in the

Case summary and examination of Obstetrics Posting

Case summary and examination of Obstetrics Posting Madam NTR is a 34 years old Malay lady with gravida 4 and parity 3, currently at 37 weeks of gestations. She was admitted on 21st Nov 2010 at gestational age of 30 weeks and 1 day, due to referral from Health Clinic Sendayan in view of placenta previa based on ultrasound findings during a routine antenatal visit. Her estimated date of delivery was on 20th Jan 2011. She was asymptomatic with no complaints of per vaginal bleeding, contraction pain, leaking liquor or show. Fetal movements were felt and were not reduced. She has no history of placenta previa in her previous pregnancies. The first day of her last normal menstrual period was on 15th Apr 2010. This was an unexpected pregnancy but both her and her husband wanted it. She suspected she was pregnant when she missed her menses for 4 weeks. She confirmed her pregnancy after urine pregnancy test done in a private clinic yielded positive result. Booking was done in Maternal and Child Health Clinic Gadong at 16 weeks of gestation and the dating scan at 16 weeks revealed parameters corresponding to date. However, placenta was noted to be low lying during that scan. Throughout her routine antenatal visits, she was normotensive, not anaemic and did not have diabetes mellitus. HIV and VDRL test were negative. Her blood group type is O Rh D  positive. This is her fourth pregnancy. Her third pregnancy was in the year of 2007. She delivered a full term baby boy with birth weight of 2.6 kg via caesarean delivery due to breech presentation in Hospital Tuanku Jaafar Seremban. She delivered her first two children who are both males in the year of 2004 and 2005 via spontaneous vaginal delivery, with birth weight of 4.26kg and 2.6kg respectively. There was no history of shoulder dystocia. All her children were born alive and well. Antenatal, natal and postnatal for all previous pregnancies were uneventful. She attained menarche at the age of 12. It is regular at 28 to 30 days cycle with duration of 5 to 7 days. There was neither dysmenorrhea nor menorrhagia. She practised coitus interuptus as contraceptive measure. She never had any PAP smear done previously. Past surgical, medical and drug history were unremarkable. Family history was unremarkable. She and her husband are married for 7 years. They are staying together with their three children in Gadong Jaya Village. She is a housewife. She neither smokes nor drinks alcohol. On the other hand, her husband works as a construction worker. He is a smoker but not alcoholic. Family income is approximately RM2000 per month which is barely adequate for their living. Physical examination: Madam NTR was alert, conscious and communicative. She was not in pain or respiratory distress. Her height and weight are 165cm and 76kg respectively. Her blood pressure was 110/80 mmHg; pulse rate was 86 beats per minute of regular rhythm and strong volume; temperature was 37 ° C; respiratory rate was 19 breaths per minute. All vital signs were within normal range. Upon general examination, there was no conjunctival pallor, sclera jaundice, palmar erythema or peripheral cyanosis. Thyroid glands were not palpable and breast examination was unremarkable. There was bilateral pedal edema up to mid-shin. Cardiopulmonary examination was unremarkable. Upon examination of the abdomen, it was distended with a gravid uterus. Linea nigra and striae gravidarum were visible. There was a tranverse scar, measuring 12cm, located above pubic symphysis. Distension appeared to be corresponding to gestational age. The umbilicus was flattened. On light palpation, the abdomen was soft and non-tender. Uterus was not irritable. Symphysiofundal height was 38 cm which was corresponding to gestational age. It was a singleton pregnancy with transverse lie and cephalic presentation. The liquor was adequate. Estimated fetal weight was 3.0-3.2kg. Fetal heart sound was 160 beats per minute. Investigations Full Blood Count revealed normal haemoglobin level (10.9g/dL). Transabdominal Sonography(TAS) revealed transverse lie fetus with the presence of fetal activity, estimated fetal weight of 3.19kg at 37 weeks of gestation, anterior placenta previa type 3 (placenta previa major) with evidence of placenta accreta at one area over bladder base.   The images also demonstrated placental lacunae, gross increase in vascularity of cervix which is suggestive of placenta accreta. Diagnosis Anterior placenta previa type 3 with possible placenta accreta. Management Upon admission, Madam NTRs vital signs were taken. Cannula was inserted and blood was taken for full blood count investigation and blood group cross-matching. Madam NTR was also given the explanation to keep her in ward until delivery and the condition of her pregnancy. She was encouraged to rest in bed and decrease activity level to avoid bleeding. Ultrasound was performed to confirm the diagnosis of placenta previa. She was then monitored for any contractions or bleeding. Madam NTRs pad chart, fetal kick chart and labour pregnancy chart were strictly monitored. Fetal heart rate was assessed 4 hourly with Daptone. Cardiotocography was done regularly and it was normal. She was given a course of IM dexamethasone 12mg BD of 1 day duration at 30 weeks of gestation. Full blood count investigation was performed once weekly and transabdominal sonography was carried out once in every 2 weeks throughout admission. Anemia should be corrected if present. Madam NTR was also prescribed ferrous fumarate, folic acid, vitamin B complex as well as ascorbic acid. She was eventually planned for an elective caesarean delivery on 5th Jan 2011 at 37 weeks of gestational age. Prior to that, she was counseled about risk of haemorrhage and possibility of hysterectomy to be done during operation as well as option of conservative management etc. Written informed consent was taken from both her husband and her. Progression Throughout the admission, she was comfortable and her vital signs were all normal. She had no any episodes of vaginal bleed, leaking liquor, show, uterine contraction and pain. She was not anaemic as evidenced by normal values of her haemoglobin levels. The most recent haemoglobin value was 10.9g/dl. Fetal well-being was assured as evidenced by normal CTG results. She and her fetus remained stable until the scheduled operation date. A day prior to that, she was kept nil by mouth. Packed cell blood was ready for transfusion if needed. After delivery of the fetus, manual removal of the placenta was done and placenta accreta was found to be at the anterior bed of lower segment of the uterus. She developed a massive uterine haemorrhage and a hysterectomy was performed. 3 units of packed cells (1 litre in total) were transfused intraoperatively. The operation lasted for 1 hour and 15 minutes. She delivered a baby boy weighs 3.2kg with Apgar score of 6 at first minute and 9 at fifth minute of life. After being assessed by paediatrician, he was discharged to the mother. Estimated blood loss was 2.8 litres. Explanation about intraoperative findings and the decision of attending doctor to proceed to hysterectomy was given to Madam NTR. Postoperatively, she remained hemodynamically stable. Post operative haemoglobin level was 12g/dl. She was able to ambulate and tolerate orally on third day after operation despite minimal pain over operation site. She did not complain of shortness of breath, palpitation, chest pain or calf pain. Baby was pink, active and well with no jaundice. Breastfeeding was established. Both of the mother and baby were discharged on 7th Jan 2011and subsequent follow-up was scheduled to be 2 months later. She should be arranged for psychological review and management as termination of fertility can sometimes cause devastating psychological impact to women. Discussion What other alternatives that Madam NTR has other than hysterectomy in the case of placenta accreta? Is hysterectomy absolutely indicated in Madam NTR? Mainstay traditional management has centred upon hysterectomy which has a high complication rate and terminates fertility of a woman. It can also cause devastating psychological consequences. While in vast majority of cases hysterectomy will remain appropriate, there are other management options available involving conservative approaches. The main nonsurgical conservative management would be to leave the placenta undisturbed in situ for it to be resorbed or to be passed spontaneously. It is expected that bleeding will remain minimal with this approach. This enables fertility to be preserved even though leaving the placenta in situ has implications for infection and recurrence. LoÃÆ' ¯c Sentilhes et al.(1) concludes that  successful conservative management for placenta accreta does not compromise the patients subsequent fertility or obstetrical outcome but there is a high risk that placenta accreta may recur during future pregnancies. Florence  Bretelle et al.(2) conducted a retrospective study in which 50 cases of placenta accreta were studied and 26 patients (52%) were treated conservatively. 21 of them (80.7%) did not undergo hysterectomy and 3 women had successful pregnancy during follow-up. This further proves that treated patient with placenta accreta selectively with conservative approach enables fertility to be preserved without increasing morbidity. However, conservative approach is usually considered only when bleeding is minimal. In this case of Madam NTR, there was severe haemorrhage encountered after delivery of fetus. Conservative management such as leaving the placenta in situ will lead to severe postpartum hemorrhage or even maternal death. Uterine compression suturing to stop the bleeding was not able to be performed as her uterus was too fragile to hold the sutures. Therefore, hysterectomy is absolutely indicated in the case of Madam NTR for her safety. This is her fourth pregnancy; therefore termination of fertility is not a major concern in her as discussed previously prior to obtaining her consent. As Madam NTR was planned for a high risk surgery with possibility of hysterectomy, counseling and obtaining written informed consent prior to surgery play a vital role. After being counseled, Madam NTR stated that she had little understanding about her situation and the surgery but not to the full understanding due to inability to fully comprehend medical terminologies used. The question here would be: Has the attending doctor done his duties well enough and is patients autonomy protected in this context? Informed consent is the core principle of modern medical practice. The primary aim of the consent process is to protect patients autonomy. Patients have the right to refuse medical care, even when it means they will die. This surgery is associated with high complication rate, termination of fertility and devastating psychological consequences to patient. Therefore, educating and informing her about her healthcare options, advantages and disadvantages associated with recommended management as well as other alternatives are very crucial. The point is not merely to disclose information, but to ensure patients comprehension of relevant information. Unfortunately, very often that doctor are disclosing information presuming that patients with different level of maturity, education level, cultural background and native language will be able to comprehend. On top of that, doctors are so used to medical terminologies and it is often found difficult to disclose medical information in laymans terminologies. Majority of patients whom I encounter were not aggressive in seeking opportunities to raise questions to attending doctors, especially during ward round whereby patient will be surrounded by specialist accompanied by medical officers, housemen and medical students. All these further jeopardize patients autonomy to exercise personal choice with total comprehension of relevant medical issues. In the case of Madam NTR, she and her husband should first of all be told what a placenta is before explaining to them about placenta praevia. Subsequently, attending doctor should explain to her the reason vaginal delivery was not able to be carried out as the placenta covers the entrance to the womb (cervix) entirely, which is known as major placenta praevia. Therefore, caesarean delivery is absolutely indicated and it will be conducted by experienced obstetrician and anaesthetist on duty. If an emergency arises, a consultant will be present. Risk of severe bleeding from placenta praevia which can put the life of the mother and baby in danger should be emphasized; therefore explaining the purpose of blood group cross- matching for blood transfusion. She should also be informed that rarely, placenta praevia may be complicated by a problem known as placenta accreta, when the placenta is abnormally attached to the womb, making separation at the time of birth difficult. Most of the time, it will pass out spontaneously. However, if the bleeding continues and cannot be controlled, removing the womb has to be done to control the bleeding after consideration of conservative approaches such as leaving it in situ with possibility of recurrence or infection fails. She has to be told to fast prior to operation. Choices of analgesia should be discussed with anesthesiologist in relation to risks and advantages for each option. Lastly and most importantly is to assure her that the healthcare team will recommend the best way for both her and her baby and at the same time, she has the right to be fully informed about her health care and to share in making decisions about it. Under the law, the doctor has a duty of medical care to give adequate information about the proposed medical treatment. The breach of informed consent in todays legal setting is more commonly interpreted as negligence when the doctor has not disclosed the risk of procedure and when the risk occurs, causing harm to patient. In the English case of Wells v Surrey Area Health Authority (3), a 36-year-old woman with 2 children, was advised to proceed to caesarean delivery after prolonged labour. She was in exhausted state when she was suggested to be sterilized during the surgery and consent was signed and sterilization was done. When she recovered, she complained that consent was invalid as it was taken when she was mentally confused. She sued the doctor for assault and battery for operation was done without consent as well as for negligence as information regarding sterilization was not given at all. In conclusion, informed consent should be practiced in the correct way, especially in obstetrics and gynaecology, an area with high risk of medico-legal perspectives, to provide best treatment and management to patient and fetus as well as protecting doctors from being sued for negligence.

Who is watching us on the web? :: China Censorship Internet Papers

Who is watching us on the web? I. Background P.R.China is a communist country with rather strict control over its citizens' political activities. The decentralized Internet - which is growing extremely quickly in mainland China - puts a new challenge to our Chinese government, who was used to have fully control over newspapers, television, and any other media. In 2001, approximately 52.38 million Chinese visited world famous searching websites google and AltaVista according to CNN. In Jun 2002, China blocked Google and AltaVista along with other famous Chinese websites hosted in the United States like Wenxuecity, Chinesenewsnet, and Dajiyuan. Chinese officials announced that Google logs all search terms together with the IP number, a time stamp, an unique cookie ID, and browser information. Current U.S. laws require Google to provide the information to the feds. If the information is available to the National Security Agency from Google, especially when the Internet user is a non-U.S. citizen in a country that is of national security interest to the U.S, China has to block the use of U.S. engines to protect their own national security. Was that true? The privacy policies of search engines generally do not cover items such as IP number and storage of search terms. In the case of portals that use Google results, it is important to know the portal do NOT forward the IP number to Google along with the search terms. Interestingly, China unblocked the U.S. searching websites a few months after. Like many people, I may never know the true story behind China's blocking and unblocking U.S. searching websites. However, we can learn the truth from Xiao Qiang, the executive director of New York-based Human Rights in China. He said, "Our Chinese government was deluged with outcries from the nation's 46 million Internet users when access to Google was cut off. Internet users in China are an apolictcal crowd. They tend to be people who are doing well, and they do not usually voice strong views. But this stepped into their digital freedom." Well, what is the workaround then? The quick workaround is that Chinese authorities tweaked the national firewall, making the new Google China different from the site that was turned off. Today, Chinese who use Google to search on terms like "falun gong" or "human rights in China" receive a standard-looking results page.

Mind soul Essay

1. How are Plato’s and Descartes’ views of the soul/self similar? Both Plato and Descartes believe that the soul/self is best (or only) to think and learn separate from the body and its faculties. According to Plato, â€Å"the soul reasons best without bodily senses. † Plato claims that sight, hearing, pain, and pleasure are a distraction to the soul in its search for reality, and that true knowledge can only be achieved with pure thought alone. â€Å"The body confuses the soul and prevents it from acquiring truth and wisdom whenever it is associated with it. † Descartes very similarly believes that the body and its faculties, namely imagination and again the senses, are â€Å"distinguished from the self as modes from a thing. † According to Descartes, the essence of the self consists entirely on being a thinking thing. The body can perceive pain and pleasure, but nothing beyond that, it is up to the intellect to â€Å"conduct its own inquiry into things external to us. † Thus, much like Plato, Descartes claims that it is this thinking essence, and not the body, and though alone, and not perception, that is the key to true knowledge. 2. How are Hume’s and Nietzsche’s views of the self similar, and how are they different? Both Hume and Nietzsche believe that the self is a summation of one’s actions and perceptions. According to Hume, the self is â€Å"a collection of perceptions in perpetual flux and movement. † There is no simplicity or identity in the self, but only an infinite system of perceptions in an infinite â€Å"variety of postures and situations. † These perceptions are then linked by the relations of cause and effect, which mutually influence, modify, alter, create, and destroy each other. Nietzsche similarly believes that the self is merely a relation of human desires to each other. According to Nietzsche, desires and pleasures or human drives are the â€Å"commander. † This human drive controls everything else, and the strongest drive is a tyrant, even â€Å"reason and conscience bow down. † Both philosophers ultimately agree that there is no pure forms or simplicity of the self, but that it is rather driven by actions and perceptions, as well as desires and pleasures. Hume’s main idea of the self is that there is no self that is stable over time, rather the self is merely a series of transient feelings, sensations, and impressions of oneself at any given moment. That is, there is no unified self that ties all perceptions together. Nietzsche’s main idea of the self is different as it reaches a little into the very motivation for the self and life. Nietzsche argues that the self is composed of drives, but unlike Hume, goes further to say that these drives almost vie with each other to be â€Å"the ultimate purpose of existence and the master of all other drives. † Nietzsche calls this the will to power and illustrates the point accordingly: â€Å"ever living body within which individuals treat each other as equals does to another body what the individuals within refrain from doing to each other. † The will to power is to grow, spread, seize, and become predominant; it not only drives the self but also the reality of the universe. 3. How is Plato’s view of the world’s creation similar to the ordinary religious view, and how is it different? Similar to the â€Å"ordinary religious view† of the creation of the world, Plato believes that the universe was created by a maker or a god, who not only made the world to be as excellent and supreme as nature would allow it, but who also endowed it with soul and intelligence. Plato’s views also coincide with the â€Å"ordinary religious view† when he claims that the universe is physical and changing, that god is good and fair, and that there is order rather than disorder. Plato however differs from the â€Å"ordinary religious view† of the creation of the world when he claims that there is a second type of universe other than the physical: eternal universe, that never changes. According to Plato, god uses this eternal model of the universe and the forms (of beauty, good, etc. ) as a template to create the existing world. â€Å"The universe resembles an ideal living thing of which all other ideal living things are a part of†¦ the ideal living thing comprehends in itself all other intelligible ideal living things. †

The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Paper The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Paper The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet In Shakespeares play  The Tragedy of  Romeo and Juliet,  two main characters from very different familys meet and fall in love at first sight; their names were Romeo and Juliet. After Romeo is banned from Verona by prince Escalus, Juliet tries to fake her death so she can be snuck out of Verona to be with Romeo. When Romeo finds Juliet asleep without knowledge of her plan he assumes she is dead and ends up killing himself by consuming a deadly potion. When Juliet wakes up to find Romeo dead, she stabs herself with Romeos dagger. Friar Laurence is most responsible for this tragedy of Romeo and Juliets death because he said â€Å"In one respect I’ll thy assistant be; For this alliance may so happy prove, to turn your house holds rancor to pure love. † (Shakespeare Act 2, Scene 3, Line 90-92). The Friar mentioned that the reason he would marry them is because it might put an end to the hostilities between the two families. With this decision he did not think about the best for Romeo or the bad things that could come from decision. To avoid marrying Paris, a young nobleman related to the prince that the Capulets arranged for Juliet to marry, Friar Lawrence asks Juliet drink a potion so that she might fake her own death. â€Å"Take thou this vial, being then in bed and this distilled liquor drink though off;† (Shakespeare Act 4, Scene 1, Lines 92-93). The Friar made a very poor decision by going behind the Capulets back to let Juliet be with a boy she hardly knew. The right way would have been to ask Lord Capulet about Romeo and hope he understood. When Juliet awakens to find Paris and her Romeo dead beside her with a cup of poison in his hand, she goes to the comforting Friar. Instead of thinking about her or Romeo the Friar gets frightened and runs out. â€Å"Stay not to question, for the watch is coming. Come, go, good juliet. I dare no longer stay. † (Shakespeare Act 4, Scene 1, line 92-93). If The Friar would have stayed with Juliet he could have helped her get through this loss, and possibly make a different outcome of the situation. When he leaves her all alone, she stabs herself with Romeos dagger. If the Friar would have thought about Romeo and Juliets marriage before he married them he could have told them to think about their relationship. The Friar could have also told the Capulets about their kids plans like a responsible parent, so that they wouldnt have to go through with this risky plan to get Juliet to Romeo so they could secretly be together. Friar Lawrence demonstrates the he is a person of good intentions, yet it was the shortsightedness of his actions that in part led to the deaths of the two lead characters.

Defining Psychoborg Through Michael Jackson Morimura Essay Example

Defining Psychoborg Through Michael Jackson Morimura Essay Example Defining Psychoborg Through Michael Jackson Morimura Essay Defining Psychoborg Through Michael Jackson Morimura Essay Defining Psychoborg through Michael Jackson Morimura As an artist, one’s art may be used to depict emotion, used as an outlet for expression, or even to convey a distinctive message. Whether this may be appreciative or analytical in its purpose, Yasumasa Morimura’s depiction of the pop-icon, Michael Jackson, are certainly radical in his piece Psychoborg, from 1994. As a matter of fact, there is a clear resemblance between Michael Jackson and Yasumasa Morimura himself because he uses his art in order to identify himself and construct the Other, distinguish a transformation to create a multifaceted disposition, and creates no divergence between culture, race, and gender. In his works, the Japanese artist, Yasumasa Morimura, incorporates images of himself inserted into other famous western paintings and photographs using the computer. In this particular piece, he uses a photograph of Michael Jackson in three different poses, and inserts his face into each one. By doing so, Morimura is removing himself from his own body, characteristics, and identity, which in return embody the disposition of Michael Jackson himself. The composition being divided into 3 distinct parts, well divided into the general rule of thirds, also creates balance amongst the 3 characters depicted in this photograph. It allows for the viewer to be able to distinctively notice three different dimensions in the main character. The first pose (starting from left to right) being a photograph of something superhuman which distinguishes both Morimura and Michael Jackson as individuals with animal qualities and symbolize the embodiment of someone or something other than himself. In the second pose, we see Morimura and his hands firm in a rigged pose, however his face is relaxed, seeming solitary and calm. And in the third pose featuring the character as â€Å"the freak† refers to both â€Å"Morimura and Michael Jackson as â€Å"cyborgs† rather than humans. Similarly to Michael Jackson’s Thriller video, â€Å"it is the tale of the double, the man with two selves and two souls. † Subsequently, this explains that Michael Jackson, which very similarly to Morimura, both utilize artistic methods in order to identify their Other. Through this piece, we can see that Morimura dissects his individuality and identity while placing it into another individual helps indentify himself as a charact er with dual personalities and multiple dimensions. As Joonsung Yoon states, â€Å"his artwork reveals that photography is able to deconstruct and reconstruct his own self in a new way which constitutes and realizes the self, and of our contemporary way of seeing our own absence. † We can see that Morimura uses his artwork to draw similarities between his subject(s), Michael Jackson(s), in which he is able to distinguish and establish his â€Å"Other†. As well, the photograph being black and white provides high contrast and distinction within the image. This allows the viewer to be able to differentiate the background from the 3 characters themselves, which draws attention to the rigged poses of the 3 characters. This also suggests that the one character, both Michael Jackson and Yasumasa Morimura, are in or are experiencing transformation. As this piece depicts, Morimura and Michael Jackson both being: creatures, calm, and freaks as well. The artist, Morimura believes that adaptability and flexibility are both important characteristics that both he and Michael Jackson both posses. In fact, the artist even â€Å"explained his intentions by saying he believed all people had a common desire for transformation. † By showing the different stages through diverse and contrasting poses in this piece, the viewer is able to understand the transition of the transformation in both Morimura and Michael Jackson; Morimura specifically because he is literally in transformation through his portrait being inserted into another mans body in this photograph. Michael Jackson, however, shows this through his variety of expressions figuratively through his poses. Therefore, through the transition of different poses displayed in Morimura’s piece, Psychoborg, it is clear that both individuals have numerous and diverse attributes, which are identified through transformation in his piece. In the piece Psychoborg, Morimura also breaks the barriers between race, gender, and culture. Yasumasa Morimura being of Japanese origin, places himself in the body form of an African American man, which transcends racial segregations. Joonsung Yoon expresses how Morimura â€Å"shuttles back and forth between Eastern and Western cultures. One side of the piece identifies the Western culture through the character’s outfit and attire. The piece also suggests Western cultural fragments because it is not a painting nor was it derived from a painting. The piece represents change within traditional Western art including paintings and drawings into a more radical contemporary movement, which include technological integrations from the computer. Morimura also chooses to incorporate himself into a worldly Western pop icon. Through this, he distinguishes no real distinction because he intertwines and incorporates both the Eastern and Western culture, virtually meshing them into one. Morimura transgresses his cultural territories from East to West†¦however, Morimura is not a Westerner but an Easterner. † Through the combining of a Japanese man into an African American man’s body, we can understand the integration between cultures and races. Yasumasa Morimura’s Psychoborg is a clear depiction drawing the similarities between Michael Jackson and Morimura. Morimura’s piece is extremely effective because the message presented to the viewer take on both the literal and figurative form. Through the incorporation of his own face into the body of another man, he uses his piece to identify his characteristics, and his identity, show a transformation through the multiple poses presented in the piece, and challenge cultural and racial differences between Western and Eastern cultures. Margo, Jefferson. On Michael Jackson. New York: Random House, 2006. Morimura, Yasumasa. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2009, Encyclopedia Britannica. 28 Oct. 2009 . Yoon, Joonsung. â€Å"SEEING HIS OWN ABSENCE: Culture and Gender in Yasumasa Morimura’s Photographic Self-Portraits. † Journal of Visual Art Practice 2001. 28 Oct. 2009 .

Migration and Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Migration and Immigration - Essay Example As a result of migration, the U.S. experiences a lot of individuals who get either illegal or legal entry through its borders. According to Martin (2010) in his highlights, U.S experienced 40 million residents who are foreigners born in the country. Moreover, in the total global migration it has 20% portion totaling to about 214 million immigrants of which 30% of them illegally migrate into the U.S., Martin (2010). This situation is quite intensified as researches reveal since there is a record of 100,000 daily entries through front doors, back doors and side-door migration. It is a clear fact that the U.S is inclusive to migrants who influx the various states. This is because of enormous benefits that come along with the acts of the migrant. That therefore introduces benefits and detriments aspects of immigration in the U.S, which include amelioration of military power and labor force as well as tax and consumer expansion. On the contrary, illegal immigration may strain infrastructure due to overcrowding thereby introducing various ailments that the immigrants might have along come with that will ultimately infect the entire population. In addition, immigration causes imbalance in ethnicity and social life, an issue which consequences conflict and discrimination of immense diversities, Gannon

Private Limited Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Private Limited Companies - Essay Example This discussion gives various aspects of the Company law, the development of the private limited company and the role of the joint stock companies. Private and public companies tend to depend on economic forms of centralizing, organizing and operating capital and with the availability of the registration process from the acts of 1852 and 1882, and these companies could gain limited liability from the process. The explanation on why this has occurred could be understood on the basis of the economic circumstance following the great depression. The historical process related to the formation of companies has been related to economic changes through the great depression as well as legal procedures available. The birth of the private limited company has a long history and in the centre of such history lies technological contributions and the innovation processes of the companies, the legal structure of the time and the economic policies and effects of the market that either brought about success or failure of such limited companies. Innovation or changing certain functions and structures of an organization is viewed as a process of organizational dynamics rather than a consequence of technological developments and the focus is on corporate governance through innovation and vice versa. Freeman et al (2007) used example of the British coastal shipping companies in the early 19th century as their approach to business changed with the introduction of steam technology. The transition also brought in changes in the decision making process and there were some assumptions on shareholder involvement in this sector. Governance relations were however very important in private companies as were reso urce allocation decisions. In a study, Weir et al (2005) suggest that with poor stock market performance, companies tend to go private due to reasons of undervaluation. With management buy outs the firms are privatized due to non optimal governance structures and problems with institutional ownership (Weir et al, 2005). Existing firms with poor market valuation and with limited market pressure tend to engage in more private transactions. Providing arguments for and against privatization of companies, Sellers (2003) stated that private companies can become public agencies although these have to be in accordance with government demands and contracts. In fact the government is responsible for making suggestions and setting up the requirements and provides recommendations to private companies and this government suggestion turn private companies more like public ones2. The company managers are sometimes caught between these needs of government contracts and their own business acumen (Sellers, 2003). These are however some problems of change from private to public agency although government aid would be an advantage in this case. The stock market perf